1 Vle.b2wgroup.com. 2021. Online Supply Chain And Logistics: Types Of Warehouses. Available at: https://vle.b2wgroup.com/mod/page/view.php?id=1501

2 Eco Cost Value, 2020. “Eco-Costs” – Eco Cost Value. Available at: https://www.ecocostsvalue.com/ eco-costs/

3 Shopify. 2021. Ecommerce Definition – What Is Ecommerce. Available at: https://www.shopify.com/ encyclopedia/what-is-ecommerce

4 Vogtlander J, 2012, LCA: a practical guide for students, designers and business managers. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258220969_Lca_a_practical_guide_for_students_ designers_and_business_managers

5 Robinson, A., 2021. What Is Last Mile Logistics & Why Are Shippers Looking At This Function? Transportation Management Company | Cerasis. Available at: https://cerasis.com/last-mile-logistics/

6 Ec.europa.eu, 2020. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=ECOIL_Life_Cycle.pdf

7 Robinson, A., 2021. What Is Last Mile Logistics & Why Are Shippers Looking At This Function? Transportation Management Company | Cerasis. Available at: https://cerasis.com/last-mile-logistics/

8 Ec.europa.eu, 2020. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=ECOIL_Life_Cycle.pdf

9 NRDC. 2021. Single-Use Plastics 101. Available at: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics- 101#what

10 SearchERP. 2021. What Is 3PL (Third-Party Logistics)? – Definition From Whatis.Com. Available at: https://searcherp.techtarget.com/definition/3PL-third-party-logistics

11 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2019. Reuse, Rethinking Packaging. Available at: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/Reuse.pdf

12 Ec.europa.eu. Municipal Waste Statistics – Statistics Explained. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Municipal_waste_statistics

13 Key Statistics, 2018, European Pulp & Paper Industry, CEPI aisbl Confederation of European Paper Industries. Available at: https://www.cepi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Final-Key-Statistics-2018.pdf

14 Plasticseurope.org, 2018. Plastics – The Facts 2018 An Analysis Of European Plastics Production, Demand And Waste Data. Available at: https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/6315/4510/9658/Plastics_the_facts_2018_AF_web.pdf

15 Statista, 2020. Fashion Ecommerce Report 2020. Available at: https://www.statista.com/ study/38340/ecommerce-report-fashion/#:~:text=Statista%20Digital%20Market%20Outlook,by%20 the%20end%20of%202024

16 Statista, 2020. Fashion Ecommerce Report 2020. Available at: https://www.statista.com/ study/38340/ecommerce-report-fashion/#:~:text=Statista%20Digital%20Market%20Outlook,by%20 the%20end%20of%202024

17 Statista, 2020.Quarterly share of e-commerce sales of total U.S. retail sales from 1st quarter 2010 to 3rd quarter 2020. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/187439/share-of-e-commerce-sales- in-total-us-retail-sales-in-2010/

18 Zalando Corporate Website, 2020. More Partners Join Zalando Platform As Consumers Turn To Online. Available at: https://corporate.zalando.com/en/investor-relations/news-stories/more-partners- join-zalando-platform-consumers-turn-online

19 International Post Corporation. 2020. Cross-Border E-Commerce Shopper Survey. Available at: https://www.ipc.be/services/markets-and-regulations/cross-border-shopper-survey

20 DHL Trend Research, 2019. Rethinking Packaging, A DHL Perspective On The Future Of Packaging In The Logistics Industry. Available at: https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/core/documents/ pdf/glo-core-rethinking-packaging-trend-report.pdf

21 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, New plastics economy, 2020. Global Commitment Definitions 2020. Available at: https://www.newplasticseconomy.org/assets/doc/Global-Commitment_ Definitions_2020-1.pdf

22  The term brands and retailers, used throughout this report, includes ecommerce / online platforms

23  The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2020. The Global Commitment 2020 Progress Report. Available at: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/Global-Commitment-2020-Progress- Report.pdf

24 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2020. The Global Commitment 2020 Progress Report. Available at: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/Global-Commitment-2020-Progress- Report.pdf

25 Patricia Megale Coelho, Blanca Corona, Roland ten Klooster, Ernst Worrell, Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X, Volume 6, May 2020, 100037, Sustainability of reusable packaging–Current situation and trends. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590289X20300086

26 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2019. Reuse, Rethinking Packaging. Available at: https://www. ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/Reuse.pdf

27 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2019. Reuse, Rethinking Packaging. Available at: https://www. ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/Reuse.pdf

28 Patricia Megale Coelho, Blanca Corona, Roland ten Klooster, Ernst Worrell, Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X, Volume 6, May 2020, 100037, Sustainability of reusable packaging–Current situation and trends. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590289X20300086

29 Patricia Megale Coelho, Blanca Corona, Roland ten Klooster, Ernst Worrell, Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X, Volume 6, May 2020, 100037, Sustainability of reusable packaging–Current situation and trends. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590289X20300086

30 Closed Loop Partners, 2021. Bringing Reusable Packaging Systems to Life Lessons Learned from Testing Reusable Cups. Available at: https://www.closedlooppartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ CLP_Bringing-Reusable-Packaging-Systems-to-Life.pdf

31 DHL Trend Research, 2019. Rethinking Packaging, A DHL Perspective On The Future Of Packaging In The Logistics Industry. Available at: https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/core/documents/ pdf/glo-core-rethinking-packaging-trend-report.pdf

32 DHL Trend Research, 2019. Rethinking Packaging, A DHL Perspective On The Future Of Packaging In The Logistics Industry. Available at: https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/core/documents/ pdf/glo-core-rethinking-packaging-trend-report.pdf

33 DHL Trend Research, 2019. Rethinking Packaging, A DHL Perspective On The Future Of Packaging In The Logistics Industry. Available at: https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/core/documents/ pdf/glo-core-rethinking-packaging-trend-report.pdf

34 They highlight that in the long-term they plan to have regional Returns hubs to reduce transport emissions

35  Living Packets, 2020 – About us . Available at: https://livingpackets.com/

36  Eco Cost Value, 2020. “Fast Track” LCA – Eco Cost Value. Available at: https://www.ecocostsvalue.com/lca/fast-track-lca/

37 Ecocostsvalue.com. 2020. Idemat. Available at: https://www.ecocostsvalue.com/EVR/model/ theory/5-Idemat.html

38 Ec.europa.eu, 2020. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=ECOIL_Life_Cycle.pdf

39 GOV.UK, 2020. 2020 Plastic Packaging Tax. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/introduction-of-plastic-packaging-tax/plastic-packaging-tax

40 FEFCO, 2018, European Database For Corrugated Board Life Cycle Studies. Available at: 2018 European Database for Corrugated Board Life Cycle Studies, FEFCO (2018)

41 DHL Trend Research, 2019. Rethinking Packaging, A DHL Perspective On The Future Of Packaging In The Logistics Industry. Available at: https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/core/documents/ pdf/glo-core-rethinking-packaging-trend-report.pdf

42 Patricia Megale Coelho, Blanca Corona, Roland ten Klooster, Ernst Worrell, Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X, Volume 6, May 2020, 100037, Sustainability of reusable packaging–Current situation and trends. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590289X20300086

43 Procarton, 2018, Comparison Of Carton And Plastic Packaging Sustainability. Available at: https:// www.procarton.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/PC-Carton-Plastic-Sustainability.pdf

44 Of the nearly 40% recycling rate for plastic packaging in Europe, much of this is likely to relate to PET and HDPE bottles, which have recycling rates of up to 90% in some areas.

45 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017, The New Plastics Economy. Available at: https://www. ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/EllenMacArthurFoundation_TheNewPlasticsEconomy_ Pages.pdf

46 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017, The New Plastics Economy. Available at: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/EllenMacArthurFoundation_TheNewPlasticsEconomy_Pages.pdf

47 These factors also similarly affect the economic feasibility of the system; however, there lacks enough publicly available data to conduct such analysis

48  The recycled content of recycled packaging is also similarly important here

49  GOV.UK, 2020. 2020 Plastic Packaging Tax. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/introduction-of-plastic-packaging-tax/plastic-packaging-tax

50 Blue Angel, 2020. Environmentally Friendly Recycled Plastics. Available at: https://www.blauer- engel.de/en/products/home-living/recycled-plastics-e-g-waste-bags-garbage-bins-office-supplies-162

51 The role of policy in encouraging the transition to renewables is an area of great importance for future research, but falls outside of the scope of this work.

52 Happy Returns, 2020 – Retailers, Return Bar Locations. Available at: https://happyreturns.com/ nationwide-return-bar-locations

53 Happy Returns, 2020 – Retailers, Return Bar Locations. Available at: https://happyreturns.com/ nationwide-return-bar-locations

54 It is important to note that this reflects a specific niche of reusable packaging for fashion e-commerce and it cannot be generalised that reusable packaging is ‘less’ efficient across all applications. For example, It was found that, in a b2b context, some reusable packaging is more efficient to unpack – taking less time to open, empty and prepare for reuse, compared with single-use boxes that require opening, flattening and bundling for recycling

55  Cited issue during interviews with industry experts.

56  DHL Trend Research, 2019. Rethinking Packaging, A DHL Perspective On The Future Of Packaging In The Logistics Industry. Available at: https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/core/documents/ pdf/glo-core-rethinking-packaging-trend-report.pdf

57 DHL Trend Research, 2019. Rethinking Packaging, A DHL Perspective On The Future Of Packaging In The Logistics Industry. Available at: https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/core/documents/ pdf/glo-core-rethinking-packaging-trend-report.pdf